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Smelting consists of heating rocks in a fire or blast furnace to recover metals from their ores. Some of the earliest smelted artifacts are made of heat-treated copper. Other raw materials derived through smelting included tin and lead. Metalworking took a significant turn in 1,200 B.C.E. Smelting waste is generally in solid form (slag) containing precious metals. In such a case the slag is stored carefully for future recovery of value-added elements. Otherwise it is used as waste filling or road material. Smelting is a process of heating ores of various metals such as copper glance (Cu2S) in the presence of oxygen (for oxidation) or coke (for reduction) at temperatures beyond the melting point of metals. It is done in a reverberatory furnace. It is used to extract many metals from their ores, including silver, iron, copper, and other base metals. Smelting uses heat and a chemical reducing agent to decompose the ore, driving off other elements as gases or slag and leaving the metal base behind. |